Varicose veins: Pooling of blood in the veins from weak valves resulting in enlarged, swollen vessels causing pain and ulceration. Interventional endovenous laser treatment may be used to heat the vein from the inside, sealing it closed. Other healthy veins carry blood from the leg to reestablish normal flow. This is an OP procedure done under local anesthesia and patient will get back to all routine activities immediately.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD): Most commonly a result of atherosclerosis and smoking, occlusion of normal blood flow in the upper and lower extremities may result in pain, skin ulcers, or gangrene. Balloon angioplasty and stenting are available interventional treatments.

IVC filter placement: Patients who have a history of, or are at risk for, pulmonary embolism may receive temporary or permanent inferior vena cava (IVC) filters to prevent the migration of blood clots to the lungs, and consequently prevent recurrence of pulmonary embolism.

Cancer treatment

Various interventional therapies exist to treat cancers. Transarterial chemoembolization - Delivering cancer treatment directly to a tumour through its blood supply, then using clot-inducing substances to block the artery, ensures that the delivered chemotherapy is not "washed out" by continued blood flow.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)- Performed by placing a heat source within the tumor percutaneously through a needle and destroying the tumor cells, there by avoiding major open surgery. All of these treatments are delivered locally, minimizing damage to nearby tissue and avoiding the systemic side-effects of chemotherapy.

Liver cancer: For liver cancer, curative treatment is liver resection or liver transplant; however, radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, chemoembolization and radioembolizationare options for patients that are poor candidates for resection or transplantation.

Lung cancer: Surgery (lobectomy) remains the reference for treating early stage lung cancer; however, most patients are not surgical candidates at the time of diagnosis. For these patients, minimally invasive treatment option, percutaneous thermal ablation therapy such a Radiofrequency ablation has emerged as safe and effective treatment alternatives.

Women’s Health

Uterine fibroids: Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths of the muscular portion of the uterus, which may cause pain and heavy bleeding. Interventional radiologists are able to perform non-surgical, minimally invasive treatments of uterine fibroids, called uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) or uterine artery embolization (UAE)using real-time imaging. In this procedure, the interventional radiologist accesses the uterine arteries via a catheter in the femoral. The physician guides the catheter into the uterine arteries that supply blood to the fibroid and then releases tiny particles or coils through the catheter to occlude the blood supply of the tumor, causing it to shrink and die.

Fibroid embolization may require a hospital stay of one night. This is a procedure without many complications. Most of the women who had the procedure experience significant or total relief of heavy bleeding, pain and/or bulk-related symptoms. Recurrence of fibroids treated by UFE is very rare.

Neurologic

Stroke: A neurological condition occurring when the brain is starved of oxygen and nutrients resulting from the blockage of blood vessels supplying it (ischemic stroke). Strokes caused by blood clots can be treated by intra-arterial thrombolysis or by mechanical thrombectomy.

Carotid artery stenosis: A narrowing of the carotid artery supplying the brain which can lead to stroke and disability. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is an alternative to surgical endarterectomy (CEA) which may be performed in patients who have symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease but who are poor candidates for open surgery.

Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysm results in catastrophic leakage of blood around the brain and sometimes into the brain. Interventional radiologists take tiny catheters to the ruptured aneurysm and block it with platinum coils, there by avoiding major brain surgery.

Spine

Spinal fractures: Vertebroplasy and kyphoplasty, the percutaneous injection of biocompatible cement into fractured vertebrae, are two available treatments for vertebral fractures.

Life Threatening Emergencies

Hemoptysis(Coughing of blood), Haematemesis(Blood vomitings), Epistaxis(Bleeding from nose) can be treated by interventional radiologists by navigating small tubes to the site of bleeding and blocking the bleeding point.

Hepatobiliary

Bile Duct Obstruction: Patients with liver cancer, bile duct cancer and hepatobiliary pathology may experience obstruction of bile ducts. Interventional radiologists commonly perform procedures such as percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), to image these obstructions, and may treat these conditions using percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD), wherein catheters or stents are placed through the skin and into the bile ducts to drain the bile for prolonged periods of time or until surgery.

Kidney

Renal artery stenosis: A narrowing of the arterial supply of the kidneys, which may result in high blood pressure (hypertension) or renal insufficiency.Diagnosis of these conditions is made by measuring the diameter of stenosis, the blood pressure across the area of stenosis, renal vein renin sampling, and captopril challenge testing. Stenosis may be treated by balloon angioplasty and stenting.

Nephrostomy tube placement: In conditions where a blockage exists between the kidney and the urethra, such as with kidney stones, a tube may be placed into the kidney under imaging guidance to allow the drainage of urine and to prevent kidney damage.

Percutaneous drains: Drainage of fluid from various body compartments using catheters and drains placed through the skin (e.g., abscess drains to remove pus, pleural drains).

Samples of tissue may be required to identify the cause of certain diseases. Using imaging guidance, interventional radiologists may minimally invasively reach underlying tissue using a small needle to pierce the skin and retrieve tissue samples from the target organ.

These procedures can help vast population in avoiding major disabling surgeries.